{"id":30422,"date":"2018-02-28T13:53:19","date_gmt":"2018-02-28T13:53:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inhalio.com\/?p=30422"},"modified":"2018-02-28T13:53:19","modified_gmt":"2018-02-28T13:53:19","slug":"keith-kelsens-narrative-scent-biomarkers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inhalio.com\/china\/2018\/02\/28\/keith-kelsens-narrative-scent-biomarkers\/","title":{"rendered":"Keith Kelsen’s Narrative of Scent Biomarkers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Biomarkers and the Ability to Counteract Body Odors in Autonomous \u00a0& Rideshare vehicles<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Our work with biomarkers, has brought up interesting facts.\u00a0 Biomarkers are the “measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon” and its smell. Biomarkers play a vital role in the development of therapies, the diagnosis and personalized treatment of diseases.<\/p>\n

Scientists who study volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have long known that every person has a distinct odor, just like fingerprints.\u00a0This is called your \u201codorprint\u201d and is the way that dogs track certain people. The smells emanating from various parts of the body are unique to the individual, varying based on age, diet, sex, and critically, health.<\/p>\n

“Some diseases result in a characteristic odor emanating from different sources on the body of a sick individual,” Dr. Mats Olsson, Karolinska Institute<\/a>, Sweden<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But finding and validating novel biomarkers remains challenging. The work that we are doing in this area is to define Scent biomarkers and then eliminate the odor.\u00a0 This work faces three significant challenges. First, understanding what causes human body odor. Next, identifying those odors that are unpleasant. This is especially true in shared spaces like subways, elevators and the new phenomenon of shared cars. Finally, assessing what can be done to eliminate these odors for a more pleasant passenger experience.<\/p>\n

Understanding Biomarkers & Bad Body Odor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

According to YouBeauty<\/strong><\/a>, <\/strong>\u201cas humans, we can generate as much as a gallon of sweat in two hours. Sweating developed as our body\u2019s natural way to release toxins through our skin\u201d. There’s sweat that smells good and bad.\u00a0 The attractive sweat from your workouts, is\u00a0composed mostly of water and electrolytes<\/a>, that smell better. All of these are parts of the biomarkers of scent.<\/p>\n

Stress <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Realities of modern life cause stress.\u00a0 Stress causes many reactions, most importantly, sweat. \u00a0Chemically, to most humans the most negative smelling sweat of all is stress sweat<\/em>. The product of the aprocrine glands, it\u2019s very condensed and stinky. Aprocrine glands produce a less-watery sweat. The odor is caused by hyperactive bacteria that love the fats and proteins in the mix. According to the Mayo Clinic, that is\u00a0what releases the odor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Diet<\/strong><\/h3>\n

WebMD reports a diet heavy in garlic, broccoli, brussels sprouts or onion can stink. Smelly foods are broken down into smelly compounds that circulate in the blood stream and\u00a0come out through the breath, sweat and urine<\/a>. Many of the vegetables in the cruciferous family especially include smelly compounds, most typically, sulfur.<\/p>\n

Trimethylaminuria<\/strong><\/h3>\n

A genetic disorder called Trimethylaminuria<\/a> causes the body to be unable to break down a chemical compound called trimethylamine.\u00a0Trimethylamine<\/a>\u00a0is what gives fish its fishy smell. Trimethylamine has been described as smelling like rotting fish, rotting eggs, garbage, or urine. As this compound builds up in the body, it causes affected people to give off a strong odor in their sweat.<\/p>\n

Alcohol <\/strong><\/h3>\n

When people consume alcohol, the body treats it like a toxin and attempts to break it down into\u00a0acetic acid<\/a>. It manages to metabolize almost\u00a090% of alcohol this way<\/a>. \u00a0The rest gets excreted through the pores as a stinky, alcohol sweat<\/em>. As alcohol courses through your blood and around your body,\u00a0some seeps out through the pores<\/a>. That\u00a0creates the distinctive alcohol sweat Scent. It doesn\u2019t matter what type of alcohol;\u00a0once the body begins to break it down it all smells the same<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Prescription Drugs<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Prescription drugs like anti-depressants and even over the counter ones like acetaminophen, can cause an increase in sweat and carry unprocessed proteins.\u00a0 As we learned with stress, this increases bacteria and the bad odor.<\/p>\n

Trends that Make this Important<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Sharing spaces and smells has long been a problem of public transit.\u00a0 Some people have often remarked it is why they drive their own cars.\u00a0 Even the comedy Seinfeld<\/strong><\/a> did an entire episode where the odorprint of the valet left behind caused Jerry Seinfeld to sell his car!\u00a0 General Motors\u2019 Maven car-sharing service expanded to Toronto just this past week. The small operation’s mission is teaching GM important lessons about surviving in the future, where owning a personal car could be downright uncool. One of the questions to be answered is how to remove an odorprint and make the shared use of the car more pleasant.<\/p>\n

Solutions<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Our sense of smell is arguably the primary human sense and key to our survival. In public places, what are \u201cdisgusting Scents\u201d cause all sorts of negative reactions and rejection behavioral patterns.\u00a0 This could prove untenable to the automobile industry as they bet on car sharing services like \u00dcber and Maven.\u00a0 The solution is in detecting these objectionable odors and masking or counter act them with a pleasant Scent. Applying this technology to autonomous and\/or shared vehicles (Uber, Lyft, Chariot, Maven) will change the journey.<\/p>\n

The Electronic Nose[i]<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n

We can hear over 300 tones, we can see 16 million colors, and \u00a0we can smell over 10 Billion scents. Using biomarkers of scent, there are sensors that, like a super-sensitive human nose, can “smell” and identify the chemical composition of an odor.\u00a0 Currently, this is\u00a0experimental technology<\/a>\u00a0 is used primarily for diagnosis of up to 17 potential diseases, as we have profiled in previous Scent Narratives. According to the scientists who developed it, can identify Parkinson’s disease, various cancers, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease with 86% accuracy. This technology has other lifestyle applications as well, as people cannot survive just by \u201cholding your breath\u201d! \u00a0We sample both good and bad Scents in our environment with each inhalation.<\/p>\n

\u201cWithout breathing, you’re dead. You can live without looking, and hearing, and whatever, but the moment you stop breathing, you’re dead. Humans take over 23,000 breaths in 24 hours \u2014that\u2019s nearly 1000 breaths each hour, or around 16 inhalations a minute. Every breath you take, you inhale smell molecules.\u201d – Sissel Tolaas, Norwegian Smell Artist<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The Importance of A Clean Air Scent<\/strong><\/h3>\n

“I wish people knew much more that the human nose is more sensitive than most people think it is. Even though we are certainly not as good as rodents or dogs, simply because we don’t have as many receptors in our nose, we are still pretty darn sensitive.” Pamela Dalton, Professor at Monell Chemical Senses<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Smart Fart<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

The unfortunately embarrassing name is only the beginning for a novel technology. \u00a0Smart Fart\u2122, is a pill supplement that perfumes and masks the odor of gas. It is currently using crowd sourcing currently to raise money for production and launch of the pill. \u00a0Smart Fart\u2019s inventor, Attila Csensk, thought of the idea after an embarrassing public event. Once the money is raised, Smart Fart will create over 150 different fragrances by cooperating with perfume manufact\u00adurers.\u00a0 However, the person prone to making the smell would have to \u201cplan\u201d to literally have, forgive me, \u201cperfumed farts\u201d.<\/p>\n

This solution does not consider that many humans are reluctant to be responsible for their odor. Some and perversely like to make others experience their unique odorprint.\u00a0 There needs to be a technological solution for various spaces, especially in transportation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Metro Stinks <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Finding a solution for fresh air scent is as close as the Paris Metro. \u00a0In the intriguing blog, \u201cWhy does Paris smell like Pee<\/a>? The \u201cFlashpacker family\u201d travels the world and writes about it.\u00a0 Their conclusion? \u00a0\u201cLittle dogs + lack of public toilets + homeless folk sleeping in the Metro station = aroma\u00a0d\u2019urine\u201d. Even \u00a0National Geographic addressed the concerns in an article by Daniel Stone in the November 2017<\/a> issue:<\/p>\n

\u201cSince before the days of Napoleon, the city of love has battled the odorous scourge of\u00a0les pipis sauvages,<\/em>\u00a0or wild peeing. The widespread practice of public urination is technically illegal. But that hasn\u2019t seemed to stanch the streams that pour into the streets, into planter boxes, and onto lampposts.\u201d Daniel Stone<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

After pumping over 350Mn Euros over the last 5years into cleaning the stations and trains, the failure to make a change in Scent caused a change in administration last August. Catherine Guillouard is now president and chief executive of RATP (the group that runs the Metro) is committed to changing the Scent of the Metro once and for all.<\/p>\n

The Metro Can Smell Like Paris Should<\/strong><\/h2>\n

There is hope to replace the scourge of Paris with a Scent more pleasant, like the Scent of freshly baked baguettes.\u00a0 The City of Paris and RATP are doing a joint experiment with a French company to 1) Sense the presence of an unpleasant odor, 2) Diffuse a more pleasant Scent, 3) Measure the impact, 4) Change the experience.\u00a0 The successful conclusion of this experiment holds great promise for suffering noses around the world.<\/p>\n

The technology used to solve this globally hated smell can be adopted to all forms of transportation, including the shared car phenomenon that is rapidly replacing car ownership.\u00a0 Now, that shared car doesn\u2019t have to have that shared odor.<\/p>\n

The Most Intriguing Mystery<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201cUnderstanding the sense of smell may not seem a profound enough problem to dominate all the life sciences, but it contains, piece by piece, all the mysteries.\u201d Dr. Lewis Thomas<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The sense of smell is a mystery\u2014and a particularly inscrutable one. While poets and authors have described it in countless ways, it was only in the last 25 years have scientists identified the molecules in our noses responsible for detecting odors. This breakthrough, along with the discovery of biomarkers, is a new frontier for technology. The three scientists who made the discovery won a\u00a0Nobel Prize<\/a>\u00a0for their efforts in 1998. The intricacies of the human brain combined with motivation and human disparity the complexity of what is disgusting and what is good is both perplexing and intriguing.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Dr. Hossam Haick, \u201cNa-Nose<\/a>\u201d, See also Cyranose<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Biomarkers and the Abilit … <\/p>\n

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